SPARK
SCIENCE
Updated December 2024
SPARK SCIENCE
a page dedicated to
the FUN of science.
By the way, this pic above is the ANT NEBULA.
It is one of the tell-tale signs that we live in an
ELECTRIC UNIVERSE!
The following is a brand new paper ( Dec 2024) from Dr. Gerald Pollack I would normally publish the link and not the entire paper but there were extenuating circumstances which demanded this format. Buckle up and Enjoy!!
Is it Oxygen, or Electrons, that our Respiratory System Delivers?
Gerald H. Pollack, Ph.D.
Department of Bioengineering
University of Washington
Seattle WA 98195
ghp@uw.edu
ABSTRACT Arguments are put forth that during respiration, it is not oxygen gas that
passes from the alveoli to the capillaries, but electrons extracted from the oxygen. Those
electrons are theorized to bind to hemoglobin. They are then passed by the circulation
directly to the tissues, where they support metabolism. Issues confronting the standard
respiratory paradigm are identified, while various observations are put forth that seem
consistent with the direct role of electrons in the respiratory process.
Key words: hemoglobin, electrical charge, alveoli, EZ water, oxygen, electrons,
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Questioning whether we breathe oxygen must surely seem bizarre, for oxygen deprivation
leads quickly to suffocation, followed by death. Could there be any question?
Yet, certain enigmas emerge from the widely held mechanism of respiration, which are
rarely addressed. Here I consider several of them. I then go on to suggest a mechanistic
variant by which those enigmas resolve in a natural way. The variant involves a central role
of electrons. For sure, oxygen is critical for life, but I raise question whether it is the oxygen
itself that is the critical agent, or electrons extracted from the oxygen.
I begin by citing an issue that is not commonly considered by those dealing with respiration:
the breathing of fish. At extreme depths, oxygen is in short supply; yet fish manage to
survive. If vertebrate life requires oxygen, then how do those fish make it? This paradox is
relevant to our consideration, and I will deal with it later.
For now, we focus on humans.
Passing Gas
Every few seconds we cycle between inspiration and expiration.
During inspiration, our lungs draw in atmospheric gases, comprising not just oxygen
(~21%), but also nitrogen (~78%). We also breathe argon (~1%) and several trace gases.
Most of those inspired gases never make it past our lungs. Only oxygen manages apparently
to pass from the alveoli (air sacs in lungs) to the capillaries that envelop them (Fig. 1).
Nitrogen does not ordinarily pass, nor does argon. Hence, whatever mechanism supposedly
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facilitates passage of oxygen to the cardiovascular system must somehow block the other
atmospheric gases. The inspiratory process appears to be selective.
Augmenting our understanding of the selectivity issue is the passage of various gases that
are noxious. Examples include the halogens. As poisonous gases, fluorine and chlorine
presumably exert their toxic effects on body tissues, which implies they must first pass
through the alveolar membrane to the blood. Yet, both molecules are substantially larger
than nitrogen, which ordinarily cannot pass. Thus, size is evidently not the determining
factor in the passage from alveoli to blood.
There appears to exist a complex selectivity paradigm: certain noxious gasses pass, oxygen
passes, but other atmospheric gases including the most abundant one, nitrogen, do not pass.
Clearly, the inspiration mechanism must be less simple than we often presume.
Nor can we fully rationalize the expiration process.
Expired gas is presumed to contain carbon dioxide
(Fig. 1). As an end product of metabolism, that gas is
considered to follow the reverse course of inspiration,
supposedly passing from tissues to blood, then from
blood to lungs, where it gets released into the
atmosphere. Thus, CO 2 is yet another gas to be added
to the mix of those that do apparently manage to pass
through the lung-blood barrier, notwithstanding that
molecule’s hefty size.
The mix of molecules that do or do not pass raises the
obvious question: how? Why do some gases pass but
not others? Or even more fundamentally, how does gas
pass through any continuous membrane?
Confounding Issues
For explaining the passage of molecules through membranes, the commonly accepted
driving mechanism is diffusion. By the force of Brownian motion, gases are thought to
pressure themselves through membranous barriers. On the other hand, gases such as oxygen
form bubbles in liquids, shifting the question to how a bubble could diffuse through a
continuous membrane.
A possible mechanism is the opening of pores. Since each balloon-like alveolus expands
during inspiration, expansion could open membranous pores, allowing oxygen to pass. But if
oxygen passes, then why not nitrogen as well? Not only does nitrogen have a smaller atomic
mass, but also it is four times more prevalent than oxygen. With the pore-size explanation,
then, you’d think we’d breathe mainly nitrogen — or at least a goodly amount. Hence, that
potential mechanism appears unlikely.
Figure 1. Respiratory system, as
commonly conceived. Alveolar oxygen
passes from alveoli to red blood cells in
capillaries. Carbon dioxide follows the
reverse path.
3
A possible rescue: On theoretical grounds, some textbooks argue that notwithstanding its
larger mass, oxygen’s volume may be ever so slightly smaller than that of nitrogen, making
its passage easier; so we breathe mainly oxygen. But that argument faces obstacles.
Considering that the volumes of the two molecules are at least roughly comparable (they are
neighbors on the periodic table) the rate of passage of the two gases should be of the same
order. We should breathe both. Further, a slightly deeper inspiration that opens the alveolar
pores a bit more would favor the struggling species: nitrogen. Yet, even with deep breathing,
nitrogen fails to pass at all from alveoli to the blood.
Another rescue option circumvents all of those gas-based considerations. Since the alveolar
membrane is a complex cellular system, thereby containing water, one could envision the
dissolution of oxygen in membrane’s water. Through such dissolution, molecular oxygen
could theoretically pass through the alveolar membrane to the capillaries. The problem is
quantitative. The solubility of oxygen in water is so extremely low (roughly 10 molecules of
oxygen per million of water) that we’d be perpetually struggling to breathe. Hence, this
option fails to solve the problem.
The question remains: How can we understand why some gases seem to pass easily from
alveoli to capillaries while others do not? Relative molecular size apparently fails to provide
a meaningful explanation. No obvious answer seems at hand.
A second and entirely different issue deals with efficacy. To capture as much oxygen as
possible from those alveolar air sacs, blood ought to surround each alveolus as a continuous
sheath, like a glove enveloping a hand. But it does not. The capillaries that surround the
alveolus are separated. In most species they are quantitatively sparse: total capillary surface
area enveloping each alveolus is estimated to be of the same order of magnitude as the
surface area of the alveolus itself (1). While this measure might at first seem generous, it is
not. Only a small fraction of the vessel circumference can intersect the alveolar surface.
Hence, only a modest fraction of alveolar oxygen should make its way into the capillaries,
the rest wastefully diffusing beyond — a curious situation when nature might be expected to
maximize oxygen transfer.
Continuing on this same (lack of) efficiency theme, a third issue concerns capillary
diameter. An odd feature of capillaries is their narrow diameter, down to ~3 – 4 µm in in
healthy young adults. This is half the diameter of the red-blood cells, 6 -7 µm, that need to
pass through them. The issue is especially prominent in alveolar capillaries, with roughly
half of all capillaries narrower than red cells (2). Squeezing erythrocytes through those
vessels requires energy, and any such energy expenditure, one might think, ought to have
some well-defined purpose.
Hence, the third enigma emerges: Why are capillaries so narrow as to require the
appreciable energy expenditure in order to allow red-blood cells to pass through? Has
mother nature erred? Or might the squeeze be necessary to facilitate some critical, yet-to-be-
identified purpose?
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In sum, an understanding of respiratory-system function appears to face a series of
paradoxes. The first: how does the alveolus permit gas passage through its membranous
shell, apparently with complex selectively rules? The second relates to the overall physical
system design: while the gas should pass efficiently from alveoli to capillaries, why are
alveoli-capillary interfaces as sparse as they are? The third question is energetic: why are
pulmonary capillaries so narrow that erythrocytes must be energetically forced to contort in
order to flow through?
It appears that aspects of the respiratory system seem to deviate from the simple designs
anticipated from nature. These issues don’t disqualify the conventional mechanism, but they
do raise question whether some variant of conventional thinking might better fit the facts.
Oxygen seems necessary for animal life. But might the underlying oxygen-utilization
mechanism involve something beyond the framework of what we’ve come to accept?
Hypothesis
I suggest that it’s not oxygen gas that our bodies require, but electrons drawn from that
oxygen. That is, no gas flows from alveoli to capillaries, only electrons extracted from the
oxygen gas.
To appreciate how this dynamic might occur, we must recognize that the oxygen molecule is
highly electronegative, one of the most electronegative elements on the periodic table. That
means it has a profoundly strong tendency to accumulate electrons.
Whether any tendency exists to give up those electrons in the right circumstance is less
clear. Conceivably, some of those electrons could be drawn off by positioning a positive
charge close enough. When opposite charges lodge near one another, electrostatic attraction
can be of impressive magnitude. Any such positively charged entity could thus serve as a
receptacle for oxygen’s electrons. And if that positive entity happened to lie within a
capillary, then it could transport those electrons directly to tissues downstream, where
needed. Hence, drawing electrons from even the most electronegative substance would seem
at least plausible.
Recognizing the ultimate need for electrons in tissue metabolism, one could envision the
electrons initially transferred from oxygen to red blood cells, then delivered downstream to
relevant sites in tissues. In such a way, the electrons required for metabolism could be
delivered directly to the tissues, absent any intermediate steps.
Does reason exist to entertain such an hypothesis?
First, the mechanism averts issues associated with gas flowing through membranes. No gas
flows in this mechanism; it’s only electrons that flow. Those electrons could theoretically
come from any source, oxygen being perhaps the most capable, though not unique (see The
Fish Conundrum, below) donor.
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Second, the erythrocyte squeeze can be rationalized. Those squeezed erythrocytes
necessarily abut the capillary wall. In so doing, they ensure contiguous contact: erythrocyte -
capillary wall - alveolar wall. Contiguity averts potential complications posed by any
intervening insulating layers, ensuring high electrical conductance. In fact, the surfactant
layer that lines the alveolus is recognized to have particularly high conductance. Thus,
electron charge could transfer efficiently from oxygen gas on the alveolar side to
erythrocytes on the vascular side. Why capillary diameter would need to be smaller than red-
cell diameter can therefore be appreciated: erythrocyte squeeze may be critical for allowing
electrons to flow readily from oxygen to abutting red-blood cells.
The third point deals with hemoglobin, the main constituent of the erythrocyte. To fit the
hypothesis, hemoglobin would need to bear positive charge in order draw oxygen’s negative
electrons. Once the electrons are bound, hemoglobin’s charge would neutralize, or even
become negative.
Hemoglobin’s two states are widely confirmed (3). The so-called T form is associated with
low pH, i.e., positively charged, while the R form is associated with high pH, or negatively
charged (4). Evidently, the two distinct charge states required in the hypothesis do exist, and
they are well documented. We easily detect them as red (arterial) and purple (venous) blood.
Hence, the proposed cycle would proceed as follows. First, positively charged hemoglobin
draws electrons from oxygen. Then it delivers those electrons to the tissues, regaining its
positive state and recovering its ability to extract electrons from the inspired oxygen.
A central feature of this hypothesis is that the hemoglobin must have the capacity to attract,
and then surrender the electrons that it stores. The attraction (by positive charge) has just
been dealt with. As for the electron surrender, it’s noteworthy that hemoglobin has a
tendency to easily oxidize (5), i.e., to lose its electrons. That feature may be of concern for
blood in storage, but it fits well with expectations of the proposed hypothesis. Hemoglobin
can evidently attract, and then deliver electrons.
Hence, the hypothesis appears to enjoy at least modest foundational underpinning: it averts
complications associated with passage of gas through membranes; it provides rationale for
the bending of erythrocytes; it offers justification for hemoglobin’s two states; and, it
justifies the capillaries’ relative sparseness, with positively charged hemoglobin serving as
the attractor of oxygen’s negative electrons.
A final consideration involves exhalation. The hypothesis implies that at the very least, the
exhaled gas ought to include what remains of the inspired gas after electrons are extracted:
namely, nitrogen and positively charged oxygen. The latter, now with positive charges,
should be highly reactive. Hence, the exhaled gas might be expected to contain some
product of oxygen and nitrogen, and indeed that is the case. Exhaled gas contains nitric
oxide (6).
A possible objection to the proposed hypothesis: If the sole respirational requirement for
survival is electrons, then why are gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide,
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which are electron-donating, so toxic? Shouldn’t the proclivity for electron donation make
them behave like oxygen?
A possibility is that those gases may lack the capacity to donate multiple electrons. Oxygen
has five oxidation states, -2, -1, 0, +1, and +2, implying a capacity to donate not just one but
multiple electrons. If so, then the hemoglobin transition could require multiple electrons.
That feature is consistent with the natural oxidation of hemoglobin, which favors the loss of
two electrons rather than one (5). If the natural respiration process indeed involves surrender
of a pair of electrons, but the noxious gases can only surrender one, then that could perhaps
explain why noxious gases cannot substitute for oxygen.
Matching Supply with Demand
The proposed respiratory mechanism’s essential product is electrons. Electrons, meanwhile,
are widely recognized as a supplier of fuel for running cells. Hence, correlation exists
between supply and demand.
In the classical demand mechanism, however, exploiting that fuel involves an electron-
transport chain, which ultimately produces ATP. That molecule’s high-energy phosphate
bond is thought to supply the ultimate energy required for powering cellular processes. A
multiplicity of reactions is involved, and it is not my purpose to outline those steps in detail.
Nevertheless, electrons are central features. Hence, electrons are central to the widely
accepted metabolic mechanism, and those electrons are arguably produced directly from the
proposed respiratory mechanism. Supply and demand match.
Given that correspondence, I’m drawn to mention a recently proposed mechanistic variant
that connects supply with demand even more directly. That variant involves intracellular
water. Water molecules, when lying adjacent to hydrophilic surfaces, split into positive and
negative components (7). The negative component has been labeled “fourth phase” or
“exclusion-zone” (EZ) water, earlier termed “structured” water. Building adjacent to the
cell’s hydrophilic surfaces, EZ water largely fills the crowded cell (8). In so doing, EZ’s
negative charge arguably accounts for the cell’s well-recognized negative electrical potential
(9). That electrical potential remains well sustained over the long term.
The cell’s electrical potential, however, is not the main point. The main point is the net
charge underlying that electrical potential. Negative potential implies excess electrons inside
the cell. Those crowded electrons amount to potential energy, expended as the negative
charges naturally disperse. Such energy expenditure is arguably manifested as a so-called
phase transition (8), wherein negatively charged EZ water transitions into ordinary neutral
liquid water and the cellular proteins transition into folded proteins. Those two features do
the work of the cell, e.g., contraction, secretion, nerve conduction, etc. — powered by the
potential energy of excess electron charge (9). Electron charge is central.
Following cellular action, the cell must return to quiescence. Proteins must return to their
extended configuration while liquid water must return to its negatively charged EZ state.
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The return, therefore, requires electrons. And therein lies the critical point: As proposed,
those electrons may come directly from respiratory oxygen, arriving at the tissues via the
circulation. Absent such an electron supply, the cell could not return to its quiescent state,
subsequent cellular work could not be carried out, and the organism would quickly become
dysfunctional.
That electrons can rebuild EZ, as required in this formulation, has been demonstrated.
Laboratory studies have confirmed that electrons supplied by simple electrical current can
directly convert neutral liquid water into negatively charged EZ water (10, 11). Hence, the
critical step in the reverse phase transition has been experimentally validated.
In the above-described framework of cellular action, the linkage between supply and
demand is particularly tight. Electrons are supplied by the respiratory system, and those
electrons are directly consumed by the tissues. Simplicity prevails. In this context, the
concept of electron donation from the respiratory system would seem to make sense.
The Oximeter Challenge
A potential objection to the above arguments lies in the workings of the common fingertip
oximeter. Clipped onto the tip of the finger, the oximeter is said to measure oxygen
saturation, not electron saturation.
The device consists of two light-emitting diodes (LEDs), each emitting a distinct wavelength
(color) of light. The emitted light passes through the finger, hence through the finger’s
blood. A photosensor on the opposite side of the finger detects the amplitude of each passing
wavelength. Because the absorption spectrum of “oxygenated” (red) arterial blood differs
significantly from that of “deoxygenated” (purple) blood, measuring the relative amplitudes
of those two wavelengths can provide information on oxygen saturation.
But is it genuinely “oxygen saturation” that is being measured? The underlying assumption
is that arterial hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen while venous hemoglobin is devoid of
oxygen. Oxygen appears to make the difference. But we would not know if the difference in
hemoglobin structure arises from electrons, rather than oxygen. The oximeter merely reports
structural differences. It says nothing of the basis of those differences.
We cannot, therefore, assert that the finger-tip device constitutes disproof of the proposed
mechanism. The device is thought to measure oxygen but it could just as well be measuring
electrons.
The Fish Conundrum
A mechanism has been proposed that circumvents certain confounding issues arising from
conventional understanding. The proffered mechanism involves the transfer of negative
charge from the oxygen molecule to the tissues. The critical agent is the electron, not the
gas.
8
To help judge the proposal’s merit, one way is to see whether vertebrate life can persist in
situations in which oxygen is in short supply. If life could be sustained by electrons instead,
then this would lend support to the proposed hypothesis.
Consider deep-sea fish. Oxygen cannot readily diffuse from the atmosphere to depths at
which those fish flourish, often several miles beneath the ocean surface. At those depths,
responsibility for providing metabolic energy would likely not lie with oxygen (12).
Instead, the fish “breathe” the surrounding water.
In such breathing, water is first taken into the mouth. It then passes through the gills,
eventually exiting the fish from its lateral gill slits. That exiting water is confirmed to be
more acidic (positively charged) than the neutral intake water (13). Since the exiting water
has gained positive charge, accounting for the intake water’s neutrality means that the gills
must gain negative charge (OH - ). A mechanism for achieving that charge splitting has been
proposed (14).
The gills, like the lungs, are invested with capillaries. Those capillaries permit the gills’
acquired negative charge to be directly exploited for metabolic needs. Thus, fish arguably
use electrons in the same way proposed for humans and other vertebrates. Oxygen seems
irrelevant for those fish because very little oxygen is present in their waters. Effectively, fish
breathe electrons, not oxygen.
Recall that when out-of-water fish are directly exposed to the oxygen gas in the atmosphere,
they cannot survive. Fish apparently have no capacity to deal with oxygen gas. Something
else must suffice, and that appears to be electrons (from OH - ). The mechanism closely
resembles what is proposed for humans, lending credence to that mechanism.
Evaluation: Respiring Without Hemoglobin
Another consideration deals with the role of hemoglobin. If the binding of oxygen needs
hemoglobin and hemoglobin is removed from the blood, then any survival would imply that
the critical agent cannot be oxygen.
That very procedure has been carried out. The story begins with the well-known 19th
century French physician Rene Quinton, who collected ocean water in proximity of algal
blooms in the Atlantic near the France-Spain border. That water seemed particularly
efficacious: prior to the advent of antibiotics, routine infusions of that water directly into the
vasculature successfully treated infections. Even today, “Quinton Water” remains available.
Quinton performed a series of audacious experiments even before recognizing the clinical
value of this water (15). In early experiments, he infused large amounts of isotonic seawater,
up to 104% of body weight, directly into the saphenous vein of dogs, substantially reducing
the hemoglobin concentration. The dogs recovered. In a later experiment, Quinton withdrew
from the femoral artery essentially all of the dog’s blood (about 5 % of body weight, over
four minutes) until the animal was fully exsanguinated and at death’s door. Only then was
9
the seawater infused, over a period of 11 minutes. Following inevitable functional
difficulties, the dog eventually regained full function, notwithstanding substantial
diminution of blood hemoglobin.
These remarkable experiments demand repetition. If the results are valid, then they throw
important light on the perceived need for hemoglobin, and thus for oxygen. On the other
hand, the substituted seawater does not require hemoglobin to store electrons. The
negatively charged EZ water could deliver electrons to the tissues. As in the fish example,
electrons can apparently substitute for oxygen.
Loss of hemoglobin also happens in accidents and in war, with loss of blood. The acute need
for replacement has spurred considerable research for injectable blood substitutes.
According the Pacific Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (16), one of the most promising
blood substitute seems to be perfluorocarbons. PFCs are derived from fluorine- and carbon-
containing compounds. A salient feature of fluorine is its profound electronegativity: even
more than oxygen. One wonders, therefore, whether blood substitutes might work as
effectively as they do because of their capacity to accumulate, and then donate electrons.
Perspectives
From logical and evidentiary arguments, I have tried to demonstrate the likelihood that the
key figure in the respiration process might not be oxygen, but electrons drawn from oxygen.
I did so by first identifying certain confounding issues with the accepted respiratory
mechanism, and then introducing an alternative that appears consistent with multiple
observations.
The proposed charge mechanism interfaces nicely with the recently proposed cellular action
mechanism, in which intracellular water stands as central to function (7,8). A pivotal feature
of that mechanism is the exploitation of water’s separated electrical charges. While that
mechanism’s existence is not a strictly necessary companion to the proposed respiratory
mechanism, it does provide a natural adjunct, and that is why I mention it.
If the proposed thesis has merit, it should be testable beyond the already-mentioned
considerations. One experimental approach tests whether expired air contains positively
charged oxygen. According to the hypothesis, it should. A second approach tests whether
electrons alone can transform erythrocytes from one state to the other, and the reverse when
those electrons are withdrawn. A third test explores the plasma that surrounds the
erythrocytes: according to conventional thinking, alveolar oxygen should diffuse not only
into the red cells, but also into the space between those cells; thus, plasma should be oxygen
rich. By contrast, the proposed hypothesis predicts that the plasma should contain no oxygen
at all. Carrying out those tests can shed additional light on whether the proposed mechanism,
though radical, has validity.
A general implication of the electron-based mechanism under consideration here is that in
biology, electrical charges may reign supreme — i.e., that electrons may be the dominant
players (17). Those electrons could well constitute the common agents of action not only in
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the respiratory supply system, but also in the cellular consumption system as well as the
energy-transport system.
In other words, the human body may function less as a chemical machine than as an
electrical machine (18). Electrical phenomena are known to dominate numerous aspects of
human physiology, ranging from cardiac electrophysiology to brain function. Here, I argue
that the respiratory system may function electrically as well. Given the diversity of
phenomena acting electrically, it may indeed be appropriate to think of the body as a
premier electrical machine.
Acknowledgements
For their critical reviews, I acknowledge the helpful comments of Loreta Avdiu, Felix
Blyakhman, Angela Drake-Holland, Csaba Galambos, Kurt Kung, Zheng Li, Amar Neogi,
Greg Nigh, Mark Noble, Maria Okuneva, Brandon Reines, Abha Sharma, Yuchen Shen,
Henk ter Keurs, Alexis Traynor-Kaplan, and Anqi Wang.
Funding
Funding was received from an anonymous donor.
References
(1) Weibel, E.R. (1973). Morphological Basis of Alveolar-Capillary Gas Exchange. Physiol.
Rev. 53 (2), p. 419 - 495.
(2) Doerschuk, CM, Beyers, N, Coxson, HO, Wiggs, B, and Hogg, JC (1993). Comparison
of neutrophil and capillary diameters and their relation to neutrophil sequestration in the
lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 74(6): 3040-3045.
(3) from Wikipedia..”Hemoglobin] ( King, Michael W. "The Medical Biochemistry Page –
Hemoglobin". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-03-20.].
(4) Ye, T and Pollack, GH (2022). Do Aqueous Solutions Contain Net Charge? PLOS One
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275953.
(5) Alayash, AI (2022) Hemoglobin Oxidation Reactions in Stored Blood. Antioxidants
(Basel). 2022 Apr; 11(4): 747. doi: 10.3390/antiox11040747
(6) Ricciardolo FLM (2003) Multiple roles of nitric oxide in the airways. Thorax
58:175–182.
11
(7) Pollack, GH (2013). The Fourth Phase of Water. Ebner and Sons, Seattle.
(8) Pollack, GH (2001). Cells, Gels, and the Engines of Life, Ebner and Sons, Seattle.
(9) Pollack, GH (2014) Cell electrical properties: reconsidering the origin of the electrical
potential. Cell Biology International ISSN 1065-6995 doi: 10.1002/cbin.10382.
(10) Klimov, A and Pollack, GH. Visualization of charge-carrier propagation in water.
Langmuir 23(23): 11890-11895, 2007.
(11) Ovchinnikova, K and Pollack, GH: Can water store charge? Langmuir, 25: 542-547,
2009.
(12) Gallo, ND, Levin, LA, Beckwith, M, Barry, JP (2018). Home sweet suboxic home:
remarkable hypoxia tolerance in two demersal fish species in the Gulf of
California. Ecology, https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.2539 (27
November 2018).
(13) Wright PA, Hemming T, Randall D (1986). Downstream pH changes in water flowing
over the gills of rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 126:499-512.
(14) Pollack GH: Charged: The Unsuspected Role of Electricity in the Workings of Nature.
In preparation.
(15) Pangman MJ and Evans M (2017). Dancing with Water: The New Science of Water.
Second Edition, Uplifting Press. ISBN: 978-0975272633. Quoting the original: Quinton, R.
“L’eau de Mer – milieu organique” – (1912: Ed. Masson) Reprinted: Ed. ENCRE 1995.
(16) https://stanfordbloodcenter.org/pulse-artificial-blood-the-future-of-patient-care/
(17) Noble, M.I.M (2021) Electromagnetism, Quanta, And Electron Flow in the
Electrophysiology of Living Cells. World Scientific, London.
(18) Tennant, JL (2010). Healing is Voltage: The Handbook. CreateSpace Independent
Publishers.
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Hmm...what is this dot? Buckle up!!
Read on!
Fieldtrip photos
September 2024
Goblin Valley
and
9 Mile petroglyphs
With Bob Hawthorne Jr.
FANTASY CANYON ... a Fulgurite field.
Fulgurites are " commonly known as "fossilized lightning", are natural tubes, clumps, or masses of sintered, vitrified, and/or fused soil, sand, rock.
-wikipedia
What leads me to believe Fantasy Canyon is a field of Fulgurites? The fact that you can create these on you own at home...and I have. Numerous times, look...
Moonshine Arch
with Robert Hawthorne Jr. May 2022
Dragon Canyon
This is the south edge of "Dragon Canyon" (Little Rock Canyon, in Springville, Utah) This is drone footage of what we call the "Splat" , the "Snake Head" and the "Bulls Eye". The Splat is the cliffs looking like grass does after it gets hit with a water balloon. The Snake Head is a stone obelisk near the center of the Splat and that is where the Bulls Eye is too. We have found that the best viewing times are 10 - 11 AM on a sunny morning and 5-6 PM on a sunny evening (summer)
What do we think we are seeing here? To put it simply... Electrically formed terrain... Join us here for more info: https://www.facebook.com/groups/122433101926077 If videos are more your thing, try these out: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPcF40vBqzs&list=PLwOAYhBuU3UfnDcb_2iDFCBQkrQHmnxwp
Some other cool spaces
EXPERIMENTS YOU CAN AND SHOULD DO
BEAD CHAIN FOUNTAIN
Just get some bead chain and put it in a cup, jar or even your hand. Bead necklaces work too!
FUN STUFF
This is called the Thatcher Illusion. Notice how it looks NORMAL when viewed upside down. Can you spot the problems? There are 2.
Next.
Stare at the middle of the colored box for 27 seconds, then look at a white wall... What is going on? You are "seeing" colors that don't actually exist in the space where you are looking...
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